Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the kidneys, the two bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal organs, one on each side of the spine. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of cases. Other less common types include transitional cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor (which typically affects children), and renal sarcoma.

Symptoms

In its early stages, kidney cancer often does not cause noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)

• Persistent pain in the side or lower back

• A lump or mass in the kidney area

• Fatigue

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fever

• Swelling in the legs and ankles

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer, including:

• Smoking

• Obesity

• High blood pressure (hypertension)

• Family history of kidney cancer

• Certain genetic conditions, such as von Hippel-Lindau disease

• Long-term dialysis treatment

• Exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos, cadmium, and some organic solvents

Diagnosis

Kidney cancer is often detected incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions. Diagnostic methods include:

• Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI

• Blood and urine tests to check for abnormalities

• Biopsy, where a small sample of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope

Treatment

Treatment options for kidney cancer depend on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common treatments include:

• Surgery: The most common treatment, which may involve removing part or all of the affected kidney (nephrectomy)

• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells

• Targeted therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms

• Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight the cancer

• Ablation therapies: Techniques that destroy tumors without removing them, such as cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation

Prognosis

The prognosis for kidney cancer varies widely depending on the stage at diagnosis, the type of kidney cancer, and the patient’s overall health. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the chances of a positive outcome.

Prevention

While there is no sure way to prevent kidney cancer, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk:

• Quitting smoking

• Maintaining a healthy weight

• Controlling high blood pressure

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables

• Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals

If you suspect you have symptoms of kidney cancer or are at risk, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate screening and advice.