Renal cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or within the kidneys. They are typically round or oval and can vary in size. Renal cysts are common, especially as people age, and are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions.

Types of Renal Cysts:

1. Simple Renal Cysts:

   • These are the most common type and are usually benign (non-cancerous).

   • They are typically filled with clear fluid and have thin walls.

   • Simple cysts rarely cause symptoms or complications.

2. Complex Renal Cysts:

   • These cysts may have irregular shapes, thicker walls, or internal septations (dividers).

   • They can sometimes be associated with a higher risk of being cancerous, depending on their appearance on imaging.

3. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD):

   • This is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys.

   • PKD can lead to kidney enlargement, impaired kidney function, and eventually kidney failure.

Causes:

• The exact cause of simple renal cysts is not well understood, but they are more common with aging.

• Complex cysts may result from infections, injuries, or other kidney conditions.

• PKD is caused by genetic mutations.

Symptoms:

Most simple renal cysts do not cause symptoms. However, if they grow large or become infected, they may lead to:

• Pain or discomfort in the back or side.

• Fever (if infected).

• Blood in the urine (hematuria).

• High blood pressure.

• Impaired kidney function (in rare cases).

Diagnosis:

Renal cysts are often found during imaging tests such as:

• Ultrasound: Commonly used to detect and characterize cysts.

• CT Scan: Provides detailed images to assess the complexity of the cyst.

• MRI: Used in certain cases for further evaluation.

Treatment:

• Simple Cysts: Usually require no treatment unless they cause symptoms. If necessary, they can be drained or surgically removed.

• Complex Cysts: May require closer monitoring or biopsy to rule out cancer.

• PKD: Management focuses on controlling symptoms, slowing disease progression, and addressing complications like high blood pressure or kidney failure.

If you suspect you have renal cysts or have been diagnosed with them, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management.